4,767 research outputs found
The Time Invariance Principle, Ecological (Non)Chaos, and A Fundamental Pitfall of Discrete Modeling
This paper is to show that most discrete models used for population dynamics
in ecology are inherently pathological that their predications cannot be
independently verified by experiments because they violate a fundamental
principle of physics. The result is used to tackle an on-going controversy
regarding ecological chaos. Another implication of the result is that all
continuous dynamical systems must be modeled by differential equations. As a
result it suggests that researches based on discrete modeling must be closely
scrutinized and the teaching of calculus and differential equations must be
emphasized for students of biology
The Origin of 2 Sexes Through Optimization of Recombination Entropy Against Time and Energy
Sexual reproduction in Nature requires two sexes, which raises the question
why the reproductive scheme did not evolve to have three or more sexes. Here we
construct a constrained optimization model based on the communication theory to
analyze trade-offs among reproductive schemes with arbitrary number of sexes.
More sexes on one hand lead to higher reproductive diversity, but on the other
hand incur greater cost in time and energy for reproductive success. Our model
shows that the two-sexes reproduction scheme maximizes the recombination
entropy-to-cost ratio, and hence is the optimal solution to the problem.Comment: 10 pages 5 figures. to appear in Bulletin of Mathematical Biolog
- …